Wood Identification Guide

by Eric Meier

When attempting to identify a wood sample, it’s important to keep in mind the limitations and obstacles that are present in our task. Before starting, please have a look at The Truth Behind Wood Identification to approach the task in a proper mindset; I consider the linked article to be required reading for all those visiting my site with the intent of identifying wood.

1. Confirm it is actually solid wood.

Before proceeding too much farther into the remaining steps, it’s first necessary to confirm that the material in question is actually a solid piece of wood, and not a man-made composite or piece of plastic made to imitate wood.

A solid piece of Cocobolo: note how the grain naturally wraps around the sides and endgrain of the wood.

Can you see the end-grain? 

Manufactured wood such as MDF, OSB, and particleboard all have a distinct look that is—in nearly all cases—easily distinguishable from the endgrain of real wood. Look for growth rings—formed by the yearly growth of a tree—which will be a dead-giveaway that the wood sample in question is a solid, genuine chunk of wood taken from a tree.

Viewing the end of this “board” reveals its true identity: particleboard.

Is it veneered? 

If you see a large panel that has a repeating grain pattern, it may be a veneer. In such cases, a very thin layer of real wood is peeled from a tree and attached to a substrate; sometimes the veneer can be one continuous repeating piece because it is rotary-sliced to shave off the veneer layer as the tree trunk is spun by machines. Assuming it is a real wood veneer with a distinct grain and texture—and not merely a piece of printed plastic—you may still be able to identify the outer veneer wood in question, but you should still realize that is it only a veneer and not a solid piece of wood.

Large repeating patterns suggest a veneer.

Is it painted or printed to look like wood? 

Many times, especially on medium to large-sized flat panels for furniture, a piece of particleboard or MDF is either laminated with a piece of wood-colored plastic, or simply painted to look like wood grain. Many of today’s interior hardwood flooring planks are good examples of these pseudo-wood products: they are essentially a man-made material made of sawdust, glues, resins, and durable plastics.

2. Look at the color.

Some questions to immediately ask yourself:

Is the color of the wood natural, or is it stained?

If there is even a chance that the color isn’t natural, the odds are increased that the entire effort of identifying the wood will be in vain.

The reddish brown stain used on this piece of Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) has been planed away on top, exposing the paler color of the raw wood underneath.

Is it weathered or have a patina?

Many woods, when left outside in the elements, tend to turn a bland gray color. Also, even interior wood also takes on a patina as it ages: some woods get darker, or redder, and some even get lighter or lose their color; but for the most part, wood tends to darken with age.

Fresh sanding near the end of this Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) board has exposed the characteristic yellow coloration of the wood, which has a strong tendency to shift down to a golden brown over time.

Is it possible to sand or plane the board to see the natural raw color of the wood?

The most predictable baseline to use when identifying wood is in a freshly sanded state. This eliminates the chances of a stain or natural aging skewing the color diagnosis of the wood.

3. Observe the wood grain.

If the wood is unfinished, then look at the texture of the grain. Ask yourself these questions:

Does the wood have an open, porous texture?

Most softwoods will be almost perfectly smooth with no grain indentations, while many common hardwoods have an open pore structure, such as oak or mahogany; though there are some hardwoods that are also smooth to the touch, such as maple.

Can you tell if the wood is quartersawn or plainsawn?

By observing the grain patterns, many times you can tell how the board was cut from the tree. Some wood species have dramatically different grain patterns from plainsawn to quartersawn surfaces. For instance, on their quartersawn surfaces, lacewood has large lace patterns, oak has flecks, and maple has the characteristic “butcher block” appearance.

Is there any figure or unusual characteristics, such as sapwood, curly or wild grain, burl/knots, etc.?

Some species of wood have figure that is much more common than in other species: for example, curly figure is fairly common in soft maple, and the curls are usually well-pronounced and close together. Yet when birch or cherry has a curly grain, it is more often much less pronounced, and the curls are spaced farther apart.

Curly Maple (sealed)
The strong, tight curl seen in this wood sample is very characteristic of Maple (Acer spp.).

4. Consider the weight and hardness of the wood.

If it’s possible, pick the piece of wood up and get a sense of its weight, and compare it to other known wood species. Try gouging the edge with your fingernail to get a sense of its hardness. If you have a scale, you can take measurements of the length, width, and thickness of the wood, and combine them to find the density of the wood. This can be helpful to compare to other density readings found in the database. When examining the wood in question, compare it to other known wood species, and ask yourself these questions:

Is the wood dry?

Wood from freshly felled trees, or wood that has been stored in an extremely humid environment will have very high moisture contents. In some freshly sawn pieces, moisture could account for over half of the wood’s total weight! Likewise, wood that has been stored in extremely dry conditions of less than 25% relative humidity will most likely feel lighter than average.

How does the wood’s weight compare to other species?

Taking into account the size of the board, how does its weight compare to other benchmark woods? Is it heavier than oak? Is it lighter than pine? Look at the weight numbers for a few wood species that are close to yours, and get a ballpark estimate of its weight.

A piece of Lignum Vitae is weighed on a small digital scale.

How hard is the wood? 

Obviously softwoods will tend to be softer than hardwoods, but try to get a sense of how it compares to other known woods. Density and hardness are closely related, so if the wood is heavy, it will most likely be hard too. If the wood is a part of a finished item that you can’t adequately weigh, you might be able to test the hardness by gouging it in an inconspicuous area. Also, if it is used in a piece of furniture, such as a tabletop, a general idea of its hardness can be assessed by the number and depth of the gouges/dings in the piece given its age and use. A tabletop made of pine will have much deeper dents than a tabletop made of Oak. Additionally, you can always try the “fingernail test” as a rough hardness indicator:  find a crisp edge of the wood, and with your fingernail try to push in as hard as you can and see if you’re able to make a dent in the wood.

5. Consider its history.

Many times we forget common sense and logic when attempting to identify wood. If you’ve got a piece of Amish furniture from Pennsylvania, chances are more likely that the wood  will be made of something like black walnut or cherry, and not African wenge or jatoba. You might call it “wood profiling,” but sometimes it can pay to be a little prejudiced when it comes to wood identification. Some common-sense questions to ask yourself when trying to identify a piece of wood:

Where did it come from?

Knowing as much as you can about the source of the wood—even the smallest details—can be helpful. If the wood came from a wood pile or a lumber mill where all the pieces were from trees processed locally, then the potential species are immediately limited. If the wood came from a builder of antique furniture, or a boat-builder, or a trim carpenter: each of these occupations will tend to use certain species of woods much more often than others, making a logical guess much simpler.

Despite its discoloration and wear, it’s very likely that this rolling pin is made of hard maple.

How old is it?

As with the wood’s source, its age will also help in identification purposes. Not only will it help to determine if the wood should have developed a natural patina, but it will also suggest certain species which were more prevalent at different times in history. For instance, many acoustic guitars made before the 1990s have featured Brazilian rosewood backs/sides, yet due to CITES restrictions placed upon that species, East Indian rosewood became a much more common species on newer guitars. (And this is a continuing shift as newer replacements are sought for rosewoods altogether.)

How large is the piece of wood?

Some species of trees are typically very small—some are even considered shrubs—while others get quite large. For instance, if you see a large panel or section of wood that’s entirely black, chances are it’s either painted, dyed, or stained: Gaboon ebony and related species are typically very small and very expensive.

What is the wood’s intended use?

Simply knowing what the wood was intended for—when considered in conjunction with where it came from and how old it is—can give you many clues to help identify it. In some applications, certain wood species are used much more frequently than others, so that you can make an educated guess as to the species of the wood based upon the application where it was used. For instance, in the United States: many older houses with solid hardwood floors have commonly used either red oak or hard maple; many antique furniture pieces have featured quartersawn white oak; many violins have spruce tops; many closet items used aromatic red cedar, and so forth. While it’s not a 100% guarantee, “profiling” the wood in question will help reduce the number of possible suspects, and aid in deducing the correct species.

6. Find the X-Factor.

Sometimes, after all the normal characteristics of a sample have been considered, the identity of the wood in question is still not apparent. In these instances—particularly in situations where a sample has been narrowed down to only a few possible remaining choices—it’s sometimes helpful to bring in specialized tests and other narrower means of identification.

The following techniques and recommendations don’t necessarily have a wide application in initially sorting out wood species and eliminating large swaths of wood species, but will most likely be of use only as a final step in special identification circumstances.

Odor

Believe it or not, freshly machined wood can have a very identifiable scent. When your eyes and hands can’t quite get a definitive answer, sometimes your nose can. Assuming there is no stain, finish, or preservative on or in the wood, quickly sand, saw, or otherwise machine a section of the wood in question, and take a whiff of the aroma.

Although new scents can be very difficult to express in words, many times the scent of an unknown wood may be similar to other known scents. For instance, rosewoods (Dalbergia spp.) are so named for their characteristic odor that is reminiscent of roses. Although difficult to directly communicate, with enough firsthand experience scents can become a memorable and powerful means of wood identification.

Fluorescence

While certain woods can appear basically identical to one another under normal lighting conditions, when exposed to certain wavelengths—such as those found in blacklights—the wood will absorb and emit light in a different (visible) wavelength. This phenomenon is known as fluorescence, and certain woods can be distinguished by the presence or absence of their fluorescent qualities. See the article Fluorescence: A Secret Weapon in Wood Identification for more information.

Black Locust: fluorescence (under blacklight)
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) glows a bright yellow-green when placed under a blacklight.

Chemical Testing

There are only a small number of chemical tests regularly used on wood, most of which are very specialized and were developed to help distinguish easily confused species with one another. They work by detecting differences in the composition of heartwood extractives. A chemical substance (called a reagent) is usually dissolved in water and applied to the wood surface: the surface is then observed for any type of chemical reaction (and accompanying color change) that may occur. Two of the most useful are the tests that are meant to separate Red and White Oak, and Red and Hard Maple.

Heartwood Extractives Leachability

Sometimes a wood species will have heartwood extractives that will be readily leachable in water and capable of conspicuously tinting a solution of water a specific color. For instance, the heartwood extractives contained in osage orange (Maclura pomifera) contain a yellowish-brown dye that is soluble in water. (This can sometimes be observed anecdotally when the wood is glued with a water-based adhesive: the glue’s squeeze-out is an unusually vibrant yellow.)

In a simple water extract color test, wood shavings are mixed with water in a vial, test tube, or other suitably small container, and the color of the water is observed after a few minutes. If the heartwood extractives are leachable by water, then a corresponding color change should quickly occur.

In addition to osage orange (Maclura pomifera)merbau (Intsia spp.), and rengas (Gluta spp. and Melanorrhoea spp.) are also noted for their readily leachable heartwood extractives. Because this property is quite uncommon, it can serve to quickly differentiate these woods from other lookalikes.

7. Look at the endgrain.

Perhaps no other technique for accurate identification of wood is as helpful and conclusive as the magnified examination of the endgrain. Frequently, it brings the identification process from a mostly intuitive, unscientific process into a predictable, repeatable, and reliable procedure.

Looking at the endgrain with a magnifier shouldn’t be a mystifying or esoteric art. In many cases, it’s nearly as simple as examining small newsprint under a magnifying glass. There are three components necessary to reap the full benefits contained in the endgrain:

I. A prepared surface.

When working with wood in most capacities, it becomes quickly apparent that endgrain surfaces are not nearly as cooperative or as easily worked as face grain surfaces. However, in this case, it is absolutely critical that a clear and refined endgrain surface is obtained.

For a quick glance of a softwood sample, a very sharp knife or razor blade can be used to take a fresh slice from the endgrain. However, in many denser species, especially in tropical hardwoods, one of the best ways to obtain a clear endgrain view is through diligent sanding. It’s usually best to begin with a relatively smooth saw cut (as from a fine-toothed miter saw blade) and proceed through the grits, starting at around 100, and working up to at least 220 or 320 grit, preferably higher for the cleanest view.

II. The right magnifier.

It need not be expensive, but whatever tool is used to view the endgrain should have adequate magnifying power. In most instances, 10x magnification is ideal, however, anything within the range of 8 to 15x magnification should be suitable for endgrain viewing. (Standard magnifying glasses are typically in the range of 2 to 4x magnification.)

These stronger magnifiers, sometimes called loupes, usually have a smaller viewing area than standard magnifying glasses. Fancier models—with built in lights, or larger viewing surfaces—are available at a premium; but the most basic models are usually only a few dollars.

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III. A trained eye.

The third element that constitutes a proper endgrain examination is simply knowing what to look for. In analyzing the patterns, colors, shapes, and spacing of the various anatomical features, there is a veritable storehouse of information within the endgrain—all waiting to be unlocked. Yet, if these elements have not been pointed out and learned, the array of features will simply seem like an unintelligible jumble. The discipline of recognizing anatomical endgrain features is not easily summed up in a few sentences or even a few paragraphs, but it is nonetheless critical to the identification process. To this end, an in-depth look should be given to the various categories, divisions, and elements that constitute endgrain wood identification on the macroscopic level. (In this regard, macroscopic denotes what can be seen with a low-powered, 10x hand lens—without the aid of a microscope—rather than simply what can be seen with the naked eye.) Because the anatomy between softwoods and hardwoods is so divergent, each will be considered and examined separately:

Still stumped?

If you have a mysterious piece of wood that you’d like identified, you’ve got a few options for next steps:

USDA’s Forest Products Laboratory

You can mail your physical wood samples to the Center for Wood Anatomy Research

Pros:

  • Free
  • Professional wood identification

Cons:

  • Only available to US citizens
  • Slow turnaround times (up to a month or more)
  • Limited to three IDs per year

See their Wood ID Factsheet for more info.

Alden Identification Service

You can mail your physical wood samples (even small sections taken from antiques) to Alden Identification Service.

Pros:

  • Professional wood identification
  • Faster turnaround times (ranging from a few days to a week or two)

Cons:

  • Paid service

See their ordering page for more info. (Note that Harry Alden has written several books while at USDA, including both Hardwoods and Softwoods of North America.)

Ask for help online

If the wood ID is merely a curiosity, or non-critical, you can post pictures of the wood in question.

Pros:

  • Free
  • No need to send physical samples

Cons:

  • Greatly limited by the quality of the pictures provided
  • Extra work usually required to get adequate clarity in photos

See article of Common US Hardwoods to help find the most commonly used woods.

Get the hard copy

wood-book-standupIf you’re interested in getting all that makes The Wood Database unique distilled into a single, real-world resource, there’s the book that’s based on the website—the Amazon.com best-seller, WOOD! Identifying and Using Hundreds of Woods Worldwide. It contains many of the most popular articles found on this website, as well as hundreds of wood profiles—laid out with the same clarity and convenience of the website—packaged in a shop-friendly hardcover book.
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Anthony Enos

Hello! Could someone please see if they can identify what type of wood this is? One flooring expert believes it is Oak, just looking for a second/third opinion. I circled the plank size variation in the close up picture – Anthony

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Danny

Hi Eric, I sanded a bit more to help you.

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Simon Lepper

My lockdown project was to strip my stairs in my 80s ex-council house in London. Now, I’m desperate to know what the wood is on my stairs as I’d like to find something to match it for the floorboards throughout the house and on the landings.

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Emily

Hi Eric! Thank you for the great article! We just purchased a home and are trying to identify these floors. Any chance you can help? Thank you! :)

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Yasmin Yacoby

Hi! I got this table second hand and it doesn’t have legs.. I’m trying to find ones that’ll match. Any idea what kind of wood this is? Thank you!!

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Danny

Hi,
Can you identify the wood type?
Several “professionals” have given conflicting opinions. //:0
//:0

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Danny

Thanks. I’ve attached a shot with a sanded and unsanded portion of floor. Unfortunately I don’t have an end grain sample.

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Paul

Any idea what wood this is? I’m trying to strip banisters that were painted over the last 20 years and exposed this. Any help is appreciated.

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Robbie Jack

Pictures for below

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Robbie Jack

Hi Eric,
Enjoying the website. Great resource. Struggling to identify these woods. Could you help? The boards are raw (they are the underside) but I’ve already put osmo top oil on the end grain. Hope that doesn’t make it harder. Any help appreciated.

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Sarah

Hi,
Would you be able to identify which wood this front door is made out of?
Thank you for your help!
Sarah

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Racheal Mitchell

Hey Eric!
Hoping you can help me identify these floors that have been buried under carpet for many years. House was built in 1911.

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Gavin Harper

Can you identify this wood floor?
Thanks

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Chris Wolske

Hi Eric,

Glad I found your website. Are you able to identify the type of wood this heavy desk is made out of? Thank you for your help and expertise.

Chris

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Debby

This is a piece of old barn wood with one side planed and worm holes exposed. Any idea what kind of wood?

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Lucy

Hello! What type of wood is this cabinet? It’s heavy. Top sanded bare some varnish on sides

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Chris

Hi Eric,

I was wondering if you could help me identify the type of wood in the picture? It’s on a mantel for a fireplace in a house built in the Midwest during the 1918s.

Thank You,

Chris

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Ben N

I made a picture frame using walnut and some wood a friend of mine gave me. I’m not sure what it is. I have attached a picture of it raw unfinished and finished with oil.

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bri

wood types for the table and chairs if you wouldn’t mind (ill post the table if it didn’t upload next) Thank you so much!

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Cera

Thanks for creating such an informative site to share extensive free knowledge!
Definitely saving this valuable resource but I’ll be busy a while employing the various tests and techniques.

P.S. What’s this wood?

….Kidding! I’ll be back to tell YOU! ;)

Jon Black

Hi Eric,
What wood is this from G Plan 30 year old cupboard?
Thanks

JB

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Jon

Thanks Eric,
greatly appreciated !!
thanks for the expert feedback.
best
Jon B

Emily

Hi Eric,
I am so glad I found your page. Could you please tell me what type of flooring this is?

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Tony O'Hare

Hi, I’m looking to give this coffee table a new lease of life. Two questions, can you tell me what type of wood it is and how can I cover the light spots. I intend to stain it.

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Tony O'Hare

Can you tell me what sort of wood it is please.

Tony O'Hare

Thanks.

John

Hi Eric, I found some wood in a house we were doing work on. Would you have any idea on what kind it might be?
Thanks

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Elliot

Hi Eric, we bought a secondhand table that we want to upcycle and add a matching bench with but aren’t sure what the top wood is made from any help would be appreciated thanks!

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Coralie

Hello, we are trying to identify what type of wood this is, it is at least 70 years old but I know no more than that, are you able to help please…. thank you very much.

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Coralie

Thank you very much for your help, it’s a beautiful piece of furniture. Take care.

Anita Nichols

Hello, we have an old barn. We are trying to figure out what kind of wood we have. The barn is about 100 years old. Thank you, any info is greatly appreciated.

Terry

Hello! Our neighbor had a tree taken down and I snagged some of the wood for firewood/woodworking. It sat in our wood pile for a year before I cut into it to make some projects. However, the neighbor hasn’t been able to tell me what kind of wood it was, and I haven’t been able to get an ID on it. Any thoughts?

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Rob

Trying to determine wood type in dining table. Roughly made in 1960’s or 1970’s.
Manufactured by Conant Ball Furniture Makers

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Rob

Hi Eric,

Thank you for your input.
I think it appears to be Walnut as well, but I am trying not to be swayed by the underlying stain color. Another person is trying to say it is Alder Wood.

Thanks

Kay

Does anyone know what kind of wood is in my old barn? Barn is over 100 years old. Thank you! .

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Ralph

Hello, Eric! Can you help me identifying this piece? Is it a real solid wood? What kind is it?

Thank you!

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Tracy

Hello, I have a vintage Baker coffee table from my Grandmother, but cannot figure out what type of wood it may be. It appears to be perhaps even more than one kind. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

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David Sines

Can you please tell me what kind of wood this is? This table is very heavy for its size. The sticker on it said made in India.

Thank you, David

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David Sines

Thamk you. Just really pretty wood. Sanded it a little yesterday and put some wax on it. Really shines now and brought out the color and definition of the wood. Thank you again David

Jody

Hi Eric… I bought this small ,primitive, cupboard I want to refinish, but am nit sure of the wood type. This photo is the back, the rest is under layers of paint. Thank you for your help !

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Jody

Thank you, Eric !

Rowan

Hi Eric,

Trying to identify this table, either oak or pine?

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Angel

Just purchased a home and it has a built in entertainment center and bar made of the same wood not sure what kind it is. Could you please tell me what kind of would it could possibly be?

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Brandon

Trying to identify wood of crib. Any help would be appreciated. It is very heavy.

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Steve

I’m restoring a 1963 Holiday rambler travel trailer which has original birch plywood and the seams are covered with a trim that I can’t tell what species it is. The cabinet face frames and window sills seem to be made of the same wood. Here are some pictures of the small trim and larger window sill.

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Steve

Awesome! Thanks for the response!

Jenelle Wrede

Hello! I need help to figure out the type of wood – I believe it is the same wood all over my house – It is the cabinets, built ins and trim board. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!!

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Hertzel

Hi Eric I bought these cabinets from government in South Africa any idea what type of wood it is

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Corina

A few more photos to go with the ones below.
Cheers!

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Corina

Hi Eric, I have a large dresser that I’m trying to find out the type of wood. Quite heavy, some wood texture you can still see in reflections of some of the photos. Stained dark, small patch inside a drawer shows original colour. A few more photos to come for other grain at the ends/front.
Thanks!
Corina

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Thomas Charlton

Hi Eric, I have a table my wife and I acquired from her mother seventeen years ago out of Vermont. According to my wife it was one used during her childhood. It is in pieces at the moment and will need some repairs to restore and we’d like to identify the wood in order to do those repairs with the appropriate wood. Attached is an end grain photo from a part that attaches two table legs together. The wood is extremely light for a 20″x 3 “segment. Any help in identifying the wood is most appreciated.

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Thomas Charlton

Her are a couple of more photos. The center where the holes are when the legs of the table attach to this cross member.

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Thomas Charlton

These two photos are from opposite ends of the piece and are sanded with 220,400,600 grit. Also the wood has an old musty odor when sanding

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Maureen Laffoon

Sorry all views didn’t attach on my first attempt

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Maureen Laffoon

Hi. A friend had this wood in his barn and didn’t know what it was. The photos attached are after planing. Can you identify?

Thank you for your help.
Mo

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Maureen Laffoon

Hi Eric,
We live in Western Pennsylvania. I am attaching additional photos including the edge and end cuts. When I apply mineral oil the darker wood gets very dark and the lighter part of the wood hardly changes as shown in the photo

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James Davey

Hi Eric,

This is the original photos that I posted of my table. Thankyou very much.
Also wondering if you could comment on what type of price I could expect to fetch for such a table?
I appreciate the help.

James

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Last edited 4 years ago by James Davey
James Davey

Hi there Eric,

Thankyou for your last reply, I have had closer shots taken and I was wondering if you could clarify what type of wood from these, any further help would be appreciated greatly. Thankyou very much for your help.

James

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James Davey

Hi there Eric,
Thankyou for your last reply, I have had closer shots taken and I was wondering if you could clarify any further from these, any further help would be appreciated greatly. Thankyou very much for your help.

James

Chloe

Hi, can anybody help identify this ?

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Chloe

I am in Australia it was brought at a thrift store

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Justin

Just found this fresh log lying by the train tracks. Anyone know what kind of tree it is?

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James Davey

I am trying to identify what type of Oak my dining room table would be? Any help would be much appreciated. Unfortunately these are the only images I have.

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